Pair Programming
PlanningDevelopers are able to work in pairs on the same workstation: while one is coding, the other is reviewing the code for an early fix
What is Pair Programming?
Pair Programming (PP) is maybe the most well-known coding practice that emerged between 1996 [Wells 2013] and 1999 from Kent Beck’s Extreme Programming (XP) agile framework [Beck 2004] although such practice was already reported back in 1995 [Nosek 1998] and also as an organisational pattern [Coplien 1995].
It consists of having two people working on the same workstation. They [Beck 2004]:
- “Keep each other on task”
- “Brainstorm refinements to the system”
- “Clarify ideas”
- “Take initiative when their partner is stuck, thus lowering frustration”
- “Hold each other accountable to the team’s practices”.
Usually with two roles emerge [Kniberg 2015]:
- the pilot/driver: this is the one who holds the key board
- the co-pilot/navigator: this is the one who assists the pilot, reviews the code, tries to challenge what is done so that the generated artifact is at its best and think strategically about the implications about the design [Williams 2000]
Roles are swapped on a regular basis to gain collective ownership [Kniberg 2015]. Immature PP goes like “I have an idea, give me the keyboard”; while mature PP is rather “I have an idea, take the keyboard”. There are several recommendations linked to PP [Llewellyn 2014], but the most important one is strong egos with a “my way or no way” mindset that should be avoided [Williams 2000].
PP works best if people know each other and it is highly recommended to split pairs that don’t fit [Naresh 2018]. PP with two beginners should also be avoided [McConnell 2004].
There are numerous advantages to work in PP [Williams 2000] [Vanhanen 2007]:
- it reduces the probability to produce bad design [Flor 1991]
- it removes flaws on the fly as proposed in the Kaizen approach
- it is also good for knowledge sharing and training in hands on mode
- it helps people to face challenging tasks
- it improves job satisfaction and overall confidence in their work
Regarding productivity, it appears that pairs spent 10-60% more time on tasks than separately while they completed the task 40-45% faster than the control groups, and produced better algorithms and code [Nosek 1998][Shull 2002].
Fixing issues on-the-fly is also beneficial for the First Pass Yield and is much more profitable since fixing issues afterwards would raise fixing costs to 15-60% [Williams 2000].
Other studies reveal that [McConnell 2004][Moustier 2019-1]:
- 1 hour of PP avoids 33-100 hours in maintenance and reworks
- 40% less in rework for 20% dedicated to PP
- Hewlett-Packard would have save M$21.5 with PP
Therefore, programmer-hours do not double with pair programming and it delivers faster with higher quality [Williams 2000].
Impact of Pair Programming on the testing maturity
Testers should PP with Developers that are writing test code. Even if the Tester can’t code, the Developer will keep the keyboard and tell about the test being coded to let the Tester improve the underlying testing ideas [Kniberg 2015].
When it comes to TDD, it appears that Pair Programming strongly supports TDD since
- the code review on-the-fly ensures the tests are of high quality [Parsons 2011]
- since TDD is a matter of design, PP reinforces solid design
- TDD can also be used to transform PP into “Ping-pong programming” [Hoover 2005]:
1. Dev A writes a Unit Test (UT) that must fail (“Red”) and hand the keyboard to Dev B
2. Dev B tries to make the UT “Green” and eventually refactors the code
3. Dev B adds a new UT that should be “Red” and hands back the keyboard to Dev A
Pair Programming can be used on any kind of activity, testing included. For instance, the “3 Amigos” workshop is actually a PP session with a Dev and a Tester around a User Story - the PO acts then like a compiler or Test Oracle who provides answers on Dev/Tester’s inquiries. Doing Pair-Testing will result in [McConnell 2004] [Vanhanen 2007] [Moustier 2019-1]:
- lower fallacies
- higher concentration
- testing in PP mode is 20 times more efficient than traditional functional testing
- PP would divide the number of bugs left in the code by 5
Agilitest’s standpoint on Pair Programming
Applying PP in scripting with Agilitest seems obvious, at least on scripts to automate that are supposed to last. Taking benefits of known PP advantages is something really interesting to try, especially when the Tester pairs with the Developer of the US. This leads to improvements in both scripts and production code notably in terms of
- testing scenario - completion regarding what both Dev & Tester understood about the US, the implemented feature should converge more surely to what actually is expected
- widget retrieving method - the Dev may adapt the widget creation to speed up and consolidate widget recognition
- since PP enables learning, it leads towards T-Shape people and enables test automation as well
- any other testability needs may be rapidly taken into account by the Dev to facilitate Jidoka
- from this collaboration, script automation can be done in just-in-time mode and eventually lead to synchronized development & test automation ecocycles.
To discover the whole set of practices, click here.
Related cards
To go further
- [Beck 2004] : Kent Beck & Cynthia Andres - feb 2004 - “Extreme Programming Explained: Embrace Change” - ISBN : 9780321278654
- [Coplien 1995] : J.O. Coplien, “A Development Process Generative Pattern Language,” Pattern Languages of Program Design, J.O. Coplien and D.C. Schmidt, eds., Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass., 1995, pp. 183–237.
- [Flor 1991] : N.V. Flor and E.L. Hutchins, “Analyzing Distributed Cognition in Software Teams: A Case Study of Team Programming during Perfective Software Maintenance” - Proc. Empirical Studies of Programmers: Fourth Workshop, Ablex Publishing, New York, 1991, pp. 36–64.
- [Hoover 2005] : Dave Hoover - MAY 2005 - “Ping-Pong Programming: Enhance Your TDD and Pair Programming Practices” - https://www.agileconnection.com/article/ping-pong-programming-enhance-your-tdd-and-pair-programming-practices
- [Kniberg 2015]: Henrik Kniberg - FEB 2015 - “Scrum and XP From the Trenches - 2nd Edition” - ISBN: 9781329224278
- [Llewellyn 2014] : Falco Llewellyn - JUN 2014 - “Llewellyn’s strong-style pairing” - http://llewellynfalco.blogspot.com/2014/06/llewellyns-strong-style-pairing.html
- [McConnell 2004] : Steve McConnell - « Code Complete - a practical handbook of software construction » - Microsoft Press - 2004 - ISBN 0-7356-1967-0
- [Moustier 2019-1] : Christophe Moustier – JUN 2019 – « Le test en mode agile » - ISBN 978-2-409-01943-2
- [Naresh 2018] : Naresh E. & Vijaya Kumar B.P. - MAY 2018 - “Innovative Approaches in Pair Programming” - https://www.igi-global.com/gateway/article/206562
- [Nosek 1998] : J.T. Nosek, “The Case for Collaborative Programming,” Comm. ACM, Vol. 41, No. 3, 1998, pp. 105–108.
- [Parsons 2011] : David Parsons & Ramesh Lal & Manfred Lange - “Test Driven Development: Advancing Knowledge by Conjecture and Confirmation” - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220103002
- [Shull 2002] : Shull, et al. - « What We Have Learned About Fighting Defects » - Proceedings, Metrics - 2002- IEEE; 249-258
- [Vanhanen 2007] : Jari Vanhanen & Casper Lassenius - JUN 2007 - “Perceived Effects of Pair Programming in an Industrial Context” - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/4274617
- [Wells 2013] : Don Wells - OCT 2013 - “Extreme Programming: A gentle introduction” - http://www.extremeprogramming.org/
- [Williams 2000] : Laurie Williams & Robert R. Kessler & Ward Cunningham & Ron Jeffries - JUL 2000 - “Strengthening the case for pair programming” - https://collaboration.csc.ncsu.edu/laurie/Papers/ieeeSoftware.PDF